Study
of Dyeing, Absorbency, Mechanical and Surface Properties on Chemical Treated
Cotton Fabric
Jeyakodi Moses J.1*, Venkataraman V.K.2
1Associate
Professor, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
641 004, India
2Senior Grade
Lecturer, Department of Chemistry and
Applied Chemistry, PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore 641 004, India
*Corresponding Author
E-mail: jj_moses2k2@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT:
Chemical treatment of cotton cellulose to
alter its properties of the fibers without changing their fibrous form is a
common practice nowadays in the textile industry. In this paper cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics are selected and reacted with sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and
cellulase enzyme. The fabrics are then
dyed by some selected dyes such as annatto, onion, pomegranate, indigo,
myrobalan, bar berry (natural dyes); and reactive and sulphur dyes (synthetic)
respectively and subsequently finished. These fabrics are then analyzed for k/s
values, fastness properties, absorbency, water retention, wicking, mechanical
and surface properties from KES-F.
KEYWORDS: Cotton fabrics, Chemical
treatment, k/s values, wicking, KES-F.
Today
cotton is the most used textile fiber in the world. World textile fiber consumption in the end of
20th century was approximately 45 million tons. Of this total, cotton represented
approximately 20 million tons (1). India
holds the largest area of 8 m ha under cotton cultivation and ranked third in
world’s cotton production, next to China and USA
and second largest consumer of cotton (1, 2). Unlike synthetic fibres, cotton
is a natural product (3) and
non-allergic since it doesn’t irritate sensitive skin or cause
allergies. Cotton has a high absorbency
(4) rate and holds up to 27 times its own weight in water. Cotton swells in a high humidity environment,
in water and in concentrated solutions of certain acids, salts and bases (5).
Chemical
treatment of cotton cellulose to alter physical properties of the fibers
without changing their fibrous form is a common practice in the textile
industry (6). In the application of
dyestuffs to cotton, several factors are considered as of prime importance (7-9). The importance of natural dyes has increased
presently, with increased awareness about harmful effects of chemical dyes both
in production and in its usage by human beings (10-12). This dye has the rare distinction of being a dye
whose use can be traced back to antiquity and which continues to be as commonly
used all over the world today as it is in the ancient times (13-16).
This research work focuses on the treatment of cotton (woven and
knitted) fabrics with sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and cellulase enzyme in
order to improve its behaviour revealed by dyeing and finishing. The cotton fabrics (treated and untreated)
were dyed by some selected dyes such as annatto, onion, pomegranate, indigo,
myrobalan, bar berry (natural dyes); and reactive and sulphur dyes (synthetic) respectively and
subsequently finished. These fabrics were then assessed for k/s values,
fastness properties, absorbency, water retention, wicking, mechanical and
surface properties from KES-F.
EXPERIMENTAL:
Materials
Cotton (woven and
knitted) fabrics with following specifications were used in this study.
|
Woven Fabric |
Knitted fabric |
||||||
|
Ends / Inch |
Picks / Inch |
GSM |
Yarn
Count (Ne) |
Yarn count (Ne) |
GSM |
Loop length (mm) |
|
|
Warp |
Weft |
||||||
|
84 |
94 |
146.1 |
27.1 |
26.1 |
27.5 |
136.9 |
2.6 |
Natural dyes [annatto (Bixa orellana), onion (Allium cepa), pomegranate (Punica
granatum), indigo (Indigofera
tinctoria), myrobalan (Terminalia
chebula), bar berry (Berberis
vulgaris)] and synthetic dyes [reactive
dye (reactive red HB – C.I. No. Red 24),
and sulphur dye (sulphur black – C.I.
No. sulphur Black 1)] used were in the commercial grade. The commercial Super FX UltraSoft 2015
(Tirupur, India) was used for finishing on cotton fabrics. The other chemicals mentioned elsewhere for
this study were in AR grade.
Methods
Pretreatment on cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The cotton fabrics (woven and knitted) were
pretreated (scouring and bleaching) as per the established technique (17, 18).
Sodium hydroxide treatment on cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The cotton fabrics
(woven and knitted) were treated with sodium hydroxide of the concentration 15%
(owm) for one hour at 85oC.
Morpholine treatment on cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The cotton fabrics
(woven and knitted) were treated with aqueous solution of morpholine 40% for
one hour at 40oC.
Cellulase enzyme treatment on cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The cotton fabrics
(woven and knitted) were treated with Cellulase enzyme of the concentration 4.0% (owm) for one hour at 70oC.
Dyeing of cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
The dyeability of cotton fabrics (woven and
knitted) was investigated using natural and synthetic dyes. Dyeing was carried
out at boil for two hours with a material to liquor ratio of 1:20 as per the
established technique of dyeing for natural and synthetic dyes (18, 19).
K/S analysis of the dyed cotton (woven and
knitted) fabrics
Colorimetric data of natural and synthetic dyed cotton fabrics were
determined by AATCC 135-1985 (20) technique using a Datacolor SF 600 plus
spectrophotometer interfaced to a PC. Measurements were taken regarding colour
presence, brightness, dullness and colour intensity with the specular component
of the light excluded and the UV component included using illuminant D65 and 10° standard observer. Each fabric was
folded once so as to give two thickness and average of five readings were taken
each time.
Color fastness analysis of the cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
The natural and synthetic dyed samples were
washed (AATCC, 2003) under condition IIIA of AATCC Test Method 124-2001 (21) to
determine the color change effect of dyed fabrics. Light fastness tests (AATCC,
2003), were carried out according to AATCC Test Method 16 E-1998 (22) (2003).
The samples were exposed to 5, 10 AFUs (AATCC Fading Unit) to determine the
color change AATCC 16-1998 (23) (2003). AATCC standardized crock meter was used
to determine the rubbing fastness (AATCC, 2003) of natural dyed fabrics under
wet and dry condition to assess the color change and staining property AATCC
61-1996 (24) (2003).
Absorbency
of cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
Absorbency is the time taken for a water drop
to penetrate into the silk material. The wettability of cotton was determined (AATCC test method 79,
2010) (25) as per the established
technique and the average results were expressed in seconds.
Water
retention in cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
Water retaining capacity of cotton fabric was measured by the standard
test method (AATCC 21-1978) (26).
Wicking
behaviour of cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
The wicking height of
the cotton fabric was determined
(27, 28). Fabric samples measuring 10 cm ⅹ 2.5 cm were taken.
Each of the sample pieces was clamped to a scale and held at a position such
that the tip of the sample just touched the water taken in a beaker. 1%
reactive dye (Reactive Red M8B, CI No.: Reactive Red 11) was added for tracking
the movement of water. The height of water reached after five minutes was
measured (29, 30).
Silicone softener finishing on cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
The fabrics were finished with silicone
softener (Super FX UltraSoft 2015) (Dosage: 5 – 10 gpl, pH: 5– 7, 30oC,
70 – 80% pick up, padded and dried at room temperature) and tested accordingly
(31, 32).
Objective assessment on dyed and finished
cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics by KES-F
The mechanical and surface properties of the
dyed and finished woven and knitted cotton fabrics were assessed by Kawabata
evaluation system (KES-F) (33).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
K/S values of dyed cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The K/S values of the dyes such as annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye
applied on cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) are given in Table 1. From this table it is observed that woven
cotton fabric shows overall high k/s values than the knitted cotton
fabric. The k/s value of sodium
hydroxide treated cotton fabric is maximum when compared with morpholine
treated, cellulase treated and untreated cotton fabrics. The higher k/s value on the sodium hydroxide
treated cotton fabric is influenced by the higher swelling action of sodium
hydroxide followed by morpholine treatment and cellulase treatment. Among the dyes applied on the cotton fabric
(sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated)
there is only a marginal differences in the k/s values; however reactive dye
shows the maximum k/s values. Even though the woven cotton fabric and knitted
cotton fabric posses only a small differences in the k/s values for the dyes
(annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and
sulphur dye) applied on the cotton fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated); there is a uniform trend
maintained in these values and the values of woven fabric give an edge over the
knitted fabric.
Table 1. K/S values of dyed cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
|
S. No. |
Dyes |
Colours obtained |
K/S values of the
dyed cotton fabric |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
|||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|||
|
1 |
Annatto |
Orange |
12.47 |
13.98 |
13.10 |
12.88 |
12.08 |
13.72 |
12.77 |
12.63 |
|
2 |
Onion |
Orange Red |
12.51 |
14.50 |
13.17 |
13.15 |
12.25 |
13.70 |
12.98 |
12.88 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
Brown |
12.64 |
14.47 |
13.52 |
13.35 |
12.18 |
13.76 |
12.84 |
12.70 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
Blue |
13.24 |
14.60 |
14.33 |
14.30 |
12.98 |
14.01 |
13.45 |
13.15 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
Green |
12.48 |
14.45 |
13.62 |
13.48 |
12.65 |
13.66 |
13.76 |
12.81 |
|
6 |
Bar berry |
Yellow |
12.75 |
14.54 |
13.41 |
13.40 |
12.65 |
13.95 |
13.32 |
13.02 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
Red |
13.95 |
15.07 |
14.95 |
14.92 |
13.62 |
14.42 |
14.25 |
14.05 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
Black |
13.60 |
14.65 |
14.32 |
14.30 |
13.32 |
14.21 |
13.65 |
13.35 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Washing fastness of the dyed cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
The washing fastness of the dyed (annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur
dye) woven and knitted cotton fabrics are given in Table 2. There is no significant improvement in the
wash fastness of the woven and knitted cotton fabric (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) dyed with annatto, onion,
pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur dyes. However, the sodium hydroxide treated and
dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye,
and sulphur dye) cotton fabric (woven and knitted) shows improved wash fastness
compared to the corresponding morpholine treated, cellulase treated and
untreated cotton fabrics. Among the dyes
(annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and
sulphur dye) applied on cotton fabric (woven and knitted) (sodium hydroxide
treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) the reactive dyed
one gives higher wash fastness over that of the other dyed ones (annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, and sulphur dye). Even though
the trend is followed similarly both in woven fabrics and knitted fabrics, the
woven fabrics show marginal increase over the knitted dyed fabrics.
Table 2. Washing fastness of the dyed cotton
(woven and knitted) fabrics
|
S.No. |
Dyes |
Washing fastness of
the dyed fabric |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
|
2 |
Onion |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
.3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
.3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
3-4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
|
6 |
Bar berry |
3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
3-4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Light fastness of the dyed cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
The light fastness of the dyed (annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur
dye) woven and knitted cotton fabrics are given in Table 3. From this table, it is seen that the overall
light fastness of the woven and knitted cotton fabric (sodium hydroxide
treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) dyed with
annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye and
sulphur dye is good (average 4-5). The
sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabric (woven and knitted) dyed with annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye
shows higher light fastness values than the morpholine treated, cellulase
treated and untreated cotton fabrics.
The high light fastness of the dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate,
indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye) cotton fabric is
influenced by sodium hydroxide treatment for more swelling thereby more dyeing
reaction in cotton fabric (woven and knitted) followed by morpholine treatment,
cellulase treatment and no treatment.
The reactive dye gives more light fastness value (average 5 – 6) when
compared with all the other applied dyes (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo,
myrobalan, bar berry, and sulphur dye)
(average 5) on cotton fabric (woven and knitted). Similarly there is a uniform trend between
woven fabric and knitted fabric for light fastness values on the treated (sodium
hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) and
dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye,
and sulphur dye) cotton fabric, however the woven fabric has an edge over the
corresponding knitted fabric.
Table 3. Light fastness of the dyed cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
|
S.No. |
Dyes |
Light
fastness of the dyed cotton fabric |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
4 |
5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
|
2 |
Onion |
4 |
5 |
5 |
4-5 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
4 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
4-5 |
5-6 |
5-6 |
5-6 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
4-5 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
4 |
5-6 |
5 |
4-5 |
3-4 |
5 |
5 |
4-5 |
|
6 |
Bar
berry |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
|
7 |
Reactive
Dye |
4-5 |
6 |
6 |
5-6 |
4 |
5-6 |
5-6 |
5 |
|
8 |
Sulphur
Dye |
5 |
6 |
5-6 |
5-6 |
4 |
5-6 |
5 |
5 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton (woven
and knitted) fabrics
The rubbing fastness both in wet and dry
state of the dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry,
reactive dye, and sulphur dye) woven and knitted cotton fabrics (sodium
hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) are
given in Table 4. Table 4 shows that the
rubbing fastness in dry state is extremely good than that of wet state. The reactive dyes show marginal high value of
rubbing fastness than other dyes (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo,
myrobalan, bar berry, and sulphur dye) applied on woven and knitted cotton
fabrics in the dry state whereas in the corresponding wet state, as expected
the rubbing fastness is in the poor form.
The sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics (woven and knitted) dyed
with annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye,
and sulphur dye show increased rubbing fastness values compared with those from
cellulase and untreated fabrics. The
sodium hydroxide treatment increases the swelling in cotton fabrics thereby
correspondingly increases the penetration of dyes also, hence the increased
rubbing fastness value is obtained. The
average rubbing fastness values for the dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate,
indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye) woven cotton
fabric (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and
untreated) has an edge over the corresponding knitted fabric.
Table 4. Rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton (woven and
knitted) fabrics
|
Dyes |
Rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabric |
|||||||||||||||
|
woven |
Knitted |
|||||||||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|||||||||
|
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
Wet |
Dry |
|
|
Annatto |
2 |
2 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
|
Onion |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
Pomogranate |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
1-2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
Indigo |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
1-2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
Myrobalan |
2 |
2 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
1-2 |
2 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
3-4 |
2 |
3 |
|
Bar berry |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
4 |
|
React ive Dye |
2 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3-4 |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
4 |
2-3 |
4 |
|
Sulphur Dye |
2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1-2 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Stain
resistance of the dyed cotton (woven and
knitted) fabrics
The stain resistance of the dyed (annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur
dye) woven and knitted cotton fabrics
(sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated)
are given in Table 5. From this table,
it is seen that the stain resistance of synthetic dyes (reactive dye and sulphur dye) is more compared to those of natural dyes
(annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, and bar berry) applied on both woven and knitted cotton
fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and
untreated). Similarly, natural dyes
(annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, and bar berry) also give good
stain resistance on woven and knitted cotton fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine
treated, cellulase treated and untreated) comparably with synthetic dyes. In general, the stain resistance of all these
dyes (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye,
and sulphur dye) dyed on woven and
knitted cotton fabrics is good (average 3 - 4).
The sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics (woven and knitted) show
high stain resistance values than morpholine treated, cellulase treated and
untreated dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry,
reactive dye, and sulphur dye) fabrics.
The woven fabrics fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated,
cellulase treated and untreated) give marginal increase in stain resistance values
over the corresponding knitted fabrics dyed with annatto, onion, pomogranate,
indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye, and sulphur dyes.
Table
5. Stain resistance of the dyed cotton
(woven and knitted) fabrics
|
S. No. |
Dyes |
Stain resistance of the dyed cotton fabrics |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
|
2 |
Onion |
2-3 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
3-4 |
3 |
3 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
3 |
4-5 |
4 |
3-4 |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
3-4 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
|
6 |
Bar berry |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
3 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
3-4 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
3-4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Absorbency of
cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
The
data of absorbency of cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide
treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) dyed with
annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye (H), and
sulphur dye is given in Table 6. It is
seen from this table that the overall absorbency exhibited by woven cotton
fabric is more than that of knitted cotton fabric. The absorbency of treated cotton (sodium
hydroxide, morpholine, and cellulase) fabrics is substantial when compared with
the untreated one. Among the treated
cotton (sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and cellulase) fabrics the sodium
hydroxide treated cotton fabric shows maximum absorbency followed by morpholine
treated and cellulase treated cotton fabrics.
Between the dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar
berry, reactive dye (H), and sulphur dyes) cotton fabrics (sodium hydroxide
treated, morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) only a marginal
difference in the absorbency is noted, however the reactive dyed cotton fabrics
show maximum absorbency value. The trend
is followed in the similar way for both the woven cotton fabrics and knitted
cotton fabrics.
Table 6. Absorbency of
cotton (woven and knitted)
fabrics
|
S. No. |
Dyes |
Drop absorbency (seconds) of the dyed cotton fabrics |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
25 |
10 |
13 |
16 |
27 |
14 |
16 |
18 |
|
2 |
Onion |
25 |
10 |
12 |
15 |
26 |
14 |
16 |
18 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
24 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
26 |
12 |
15 |
16 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
28 |
12 |
15 |
19 |
30 |
15 |
18 |
22 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
24 |
11 |
12 |
15 |
26 |
13 |
16 |
18 |
|
6 |
Barberry |
23 |
9 |
11 |
13 |
25 |
12 |
15 |
16 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
22 |
9 |
10 |
12 |
25 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
28 |
14 |
17 |
20 |
31 |
16 |
19 |
24 |
1. Untreated cotton 2.
Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Water
retention in cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
The data of water
retention of cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) dyed with annatto, onion,
pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye (H), and sulphur dye is
given in Table 7. Table 7 reveals that
the water retention behaviour is due to the presence of hydrophilic groups
present in the polymers of the selected fabrics and also by the treatment using
sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and
cellulase. The amount of water retained by the fiber mass
increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber due to the
corresponding treatments. The
sodium hydroxide treated fabric shows maximum water retaining behaviour
followed by the morpholine treatment and cellulase enzyme treatment. From the Table 7, it is also observed that
the woven fabric gives relatively more
water retention behaviour than that of the knitted fabric. The reactive dyed
materials show the maximum water retention followed by bar berry, myrobalan,
annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo, and sulphur dyed textiles.
Table
7. Water retention in cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
|
S. No. |
Dyes |
Water retention (%) of the dyed cotton fabrics |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
345 345 |
354 345 |
350 345 |
348 345 |
342 345 |
350 345 |
346 345 |
345 345 |
|
2 |
Onion |
343 |
352 |
348 |
346 |
340 |
349 |
345 |
343 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
342 |
353 |
349 |
346 |
338 |
350 |
346 |
344 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
340 |
349 |
345 |
342 |
337 |
346 |
342 |
339 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
349 |
361 |
357 |
354 |
346 |
358 |
355 |
351 |
|
6 |
Barberry |
350 |
363 |
358 |
355 |
347 |
360 |
356 |
352 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
352 345 |
365 |
360 |
356 345 |
350 345 |
362 |
358 |
353 345 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
338 |
350 |
345 |
342 |
335 |
347 |
342 |
339 |
Wicking of cotton
(woven and knitted) fabrics
The
data of wicking behaviour of
cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine
treated, cellulase treated and untreated) dyed with annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo,
myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye and
sulphur dyes are given in Table 8. From
Table 8, it is clear that the wicking behaviour of all the samples is good,
however woven fabrics show some edge over the knitted fabrics. The wicking behaviour of sodium hydroxide
treated cotton fabric is significantly high compared with those of untreated
cotton fabric. Among the treated cotton
fabrics the sodium hydroxide treatment influences more on the wicking behaviour
followed by morpholine treatment and cellulase treatment. The differences in
the wicking behaviour of the dyed (annatto, onion, pomogranate, indigo,
myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye) cotton fabric is only
marginal. However, the reactive dyed
cotton fabric shows the high wicking value when compared with the other dyed
cotton fabrics. All the data are
comparable and similar between the woven and knitted dyed cotton fabrics.
Table
8. Wicking of cotton
(woven and knitted) fabrics
|
S. No. |
Dyes |
Wicking (cm) of
dyed cotton fabrics |
|||||||
|
Woven |
Knitted |
||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
1 |
Annatto |
8 |
15 |
14 |
12 |
7 |
14 |
11 |
10 |
|
2 |
Onion |
8 |
16 |
14 |
13 |
7 |
14 |
12 |
11 |
|
3 |
Pomogranate |
8 |
16 |
15 |
13 |
7 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
|
4 |
Indigo |
7 |
15 |
13 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
11 |
10 |
|
5 |
Myrobalan |
8 |
16 |
14 |
13 |
7 |
14 |
12 |
11 |
|
6 |
Bar berry |
8 |
19 |
17 |
14 |
8 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
|
7 |
Reactive Dye |
9 |
17 |
16 |
13 |
8 |
15 |
14 |
11 |
|
8 |
Sulphur Dye |
6 |
14 |
12 |
11 |
5 |
11 |
10 |
09 |
1. Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Mechanical and surface properties from KES-F
The
mechanical and surface properties of the dyed and finished cotton fabrics
(woven and knitted) were objectively assessed by Kawabata evaluation system
(KES-F). The primary hand value (PHV) (of both woven and knitted fabrics),
bending length (of only woven fabric) fabrics, and crease recovery (of only
woven fabric) of the dyed and finished cotton fabrics were carried out by this
system and data are presented in Tables 9a and 9b, Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.
Primary hand value (PHV) of dyed and finished
cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics
The
parameters evaluated from KES-F of dyed and finished cotton fabrics for the
primary hand value in terms of smoothness, stiffness and fullness of woven and
knitted fabrics are given in Tables 9a and 9b respectively. From these Tables (9a and 9b) it is seen that
the smoothness is observed more on the dyed and finished sodium hydroxide
treated [2] cotton fabric followed by morpholine treated [3], enzyme treated
[4] and untreated [1] cotton fabrics respectively. The undyed / unfinished untreated [UT] cotton
fabrics show very low smoothness values compared to the above mentioned treated
fabrics. The dyed fabrics [F1 / 1,2,3, 4]
when finished [F2] with the finishing agent - Super FX UltraSoft 2015, the
smoothness is considerably increased in all these cases [1,2,3,4]. The increased smoothness values on the dyed
and finished cotton fabrics [F1, F2 / 1,2,3,4] compared to the untreated
unfinished cotton fabrics [UT] are due to the good application of dyeing and
finishing as promoted by good treatments [2,3,4]. Among the dyes, the differences in smoothness
values on the cotton fabrics [UT, F1, F2 / 1,2,3,4] are only marginal. Tables 1a and 1b also reveal that the
stiffness of the fabrics is reduced due to the sodium hydroxide treatment,
morphology treatment and enzyme treatment followed by dyeing and
finishing. Compared to all treated [F1,
F2 / 2,3,4] and untreated [UT, and F1,
F2 / 1] fabrics the sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics show reduced
stiffness, this is due to the good flexibility generated by sodium hydroxide;
followed by morpholine treatment, enzyme treatment and untreated dyed and
finished cotton fabrics. The fullness is
maximum on the sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics followed by morpholine
treated, enzyme treated and untreated fabrics.
In general, the primary hand value is maximum for the sodium hydroxide
treated [2] fabrics followed by morpholine treated [3], enzyme treated [4] and untreated [UT, 1] dyed [F1] and finished [F2] woven and knitted cotton
fabrics (Table 1a and 1b).
Table 9a.
Primary hand value (PHV) of dyed and finished woven cotton fabric
|
S.No. |
Dyes |
PHV of woven cotton fabric |
||||||||
|
UT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||||
|
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
|||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Smoothness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.3 |
5.0 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.7 4.9 |
5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.3 |
7.3 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.5 |
7.8 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.6 |
6.6 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.6 |
6.7 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.0 6.8 |
6.4 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.6 6.4 |
6.5 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Stiffness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
5.0 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.9 |
4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.9 |
4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.6 |
4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.6 |
4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.9 43 |
4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 |
4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.4 |
4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.8 |
4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Fullness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.8 |
7.7 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.2 |
8.2 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.8 8.5 |
9.4 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.6 |
9.7 10.7 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.8 10.4 |
8.3 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.0 |
8.5 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4 |
8.1 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.0 8.8 |
8.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.3 |
UT à undyed / unfinished / untreated cotton 1.
Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Table 9b. Primary hand value (PHV) of dyed and finished knitted cotton fabric
|
S.No. |
Dyed Samples |
PHV of knitted
cotton fabric |
||||||||
|
UT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||||
|
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
|||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Smoothness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
2.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.5 |
4.8 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.5 4.8 |
5.2 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.3 |
6.8 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.7 7.0 6.9 |
7.1 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.2 |
6.2 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.3 |
6.3 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.4 |
5.9 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.4 5.9 |
6.2 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.3 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Stiffness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 |
4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.8 |
4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.5 |
4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.5 |
4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.2 |
4.5 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.6 |
4.3 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.3 |
4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 |
4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.4 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Fullness
: Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
4.6 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.7 |
7.4 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.4 8.1 |
7.9 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.4 |
8.4 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 |
8.7 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.2 |
7.9 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.9 8.6 |
8.3 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.8 |
7.7 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.7 8.4 |
8.1 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.6 |
UT à undyed / unfinished / untreated cotton 1.
Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Bending length of dyed and finished woven
cotton fabric
The
values of the bending length of untreated [UT, 1] and treated [sodium
hydroxide, morpholine and enzyme] dyed and finished woven cotton fabrics are
given in Table 10. From this table it is
given as the data of the bending length both in warp and weft directions
respectively of cotton fabric treated with sodium hydroxide, morpholine and
enzyme followed by dyeing and finishing.
It is evident from the Table 10 that bending length both in warp and
weft directions of dyed [F1] and finished [F2] cotton fabric treated with
sodium hydroxide [2] is least followed
by morpholine treated [3], enzyme treated [4] and untreated [1] cotton fabrics
respectively. The undyed / unfinished
untreated [UT] cotton fabric shows the maximum bending length (warp and weft)
which is periodically reduced after the treatments such as enzyme, morpholine
and sodium hydroxide and subsequent dyeing and finishing. These treatments reduce the bending lengths
on the cotton fabrics and sodium hydroxide treatment tops the list in this
reduction followed by morpholine and enzyme treatments. Dyeing and finishing also further enhances
the reduction in bending lengths on all these fabrics. There is no much influences in the
differences of bending length due to the change of dyes (Annatto, Onion,
Pomogranate, Indigo, Myrobalan, Bar berry,
Reactive Dye and Sulphur dye). The warp directions have marginally more
bending length values in all these woven cotton fabrics.
Table 10.
Bending length of dyed and
finished woven cotton fabric
|
S.No. |
Dyes |
Bending length (mm) of woven
cotton fabric Warp (Cw) |
||||||||
|
UT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||||
|
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
|||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
10.8 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.4 |
9.6 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 |
9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.2 9.3 |
9.0 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.6 |
8.8 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.5 |
9.2 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 |
9.0 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7 |
9.4 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.0 |
9.2 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 |
|
|
|
Bending length (mm) of woven
cotton fabric Weft (Cf) |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||
|
UT |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
10.6 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.3 |
9.4 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 |
9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.2 |
8.8 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.5 |
8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.4 |
9.0 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.7 |
8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.7 |
9.2 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 |
9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 9.0 |
UT à undyed / unfinished / untreated cotton 1.
Untreated cotton 2. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
Crease recovery (o) of dyed and finished woven cotton
fabric
The
data of the crease recovery both in warp and weft directions of dyed and
finished woven cotton fabric treated with sodium hydroxide, morpholine and
enzyme are given in Table 11. From this
table, it is clearly seen that the crease recovery both in warp and weft
directions of dyed [F1] and finished [F2] cotton fabric treated with sodium
hydroxide [2] is minimum compared to morpholine treated [3], enzyme treated [4]
and untreated cotton fabrics [1] respectively.
The undyed / unfinished untreated [UT] cotton fabric shows the
maximum crease recovery (warp and weft)
which is subsequently reduced after the treatments such as enzyme, morpholine
and sodium hydroxide and subsequent dyeing and finishing. These treatments reduce the crease recovery
on the cotton fabrics and sodium hydroxide treatment tops the list in this
reduction followed by morpholine and enzyme treatments. Dyeing and finishing also further enhances
the reduction in crease recovery on all these fabrics. The various dyes (Annatto, Onion, Pomogranate, Indigo, Myrobalan,
Bar berry, Reactive Dye and Sulphur dye).
do not give much influences in the differences of crease recovery. The weft directions have marginally more
crease recovery values than those in warp directions in all these woven cotton
fabrics.
Table 11.
Crease recovery (o) of dyed and finished woven cotton fabric
|
S.No. |
Dyes |
Crease recovery (o) of woven cotton fabric Warp (Cw) |
||||||||
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||||
|
UT |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
112 109 109 110 110 110 109 104 111 |
109 103 105 106 106 105 104 100 107 |
107 99 99 100 100 100 98 96 102 |
99 94 95 96 97 95 94 91 96 |
96 89 90 89 91 91 88 87 92 |
104 98 99 101 101 99 98 94 100 |
100 93 94 94 95 95 92 91 96 |
107 101 103 104 104 103 101 97 104 |
104 96 97 97 98 98 95 94 99 |
|
|
|
Crease recovery (o) of woven cotton fabric Weft (Cf) |
||||||||
|
|
|
UT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||
|
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
F1 |
F2 |
|||
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Undyed Annatto Onion Pomogranate Indigo Myrobalan Bar berry Reactive Dye Sulphur Dye |
114 111 111 111 112 112 111 105 113 |
112 104 107 108 108 108 106 104 109 |
110 102 104 103 104 103 103 100 105 |
105 97 100 101 102 101 99 97 100 |
103 95 97 96 97 96 96 94 97 |
108 100 103 104 104 104 102 100 104 |
106 98 100 99 100 99 99 96 100 |
110 102 105 106 106 106 104 102 107 |
108 100 102 101 102 101 101 98 103 |
UT à
undyed / unfinished / untreated cotton
1. Untreated cotton 2.
Sodium hydroxide treated
cotton
3. Morpholine treated cotton 4.
Cellulase enzyme treated cotton
CONCLUSION:
The conclusions drawn from the study are
summarized below:
The K/S values of the dyes such as annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, barberry, reactive dye, and sulphur dye
applied on cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated) are good. The sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics
show maximum colour data followed by
morpholine treated and cellulase enzyme treated cotton fabrics. The fastness
properties (wash, light, rubbing and stain resistance) of the dyed (annatto,
onion, pomogranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry, reactive dye and sulphur dye)
woven and knitted cotton fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated, morpholine treated,
cellulase treated and untreated) are
good. In general, the overall fastness
properties are more in sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics followed by
morpholine treated and cellulase enzyme treated cotton fabrics. The absorbency
is good in both cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics (sodium hydroxide treated,
morpholine treated, cellulase treated and untreated). However the woven fabric gives increased
absorption than the knitted fabric. The
water retention character is more in the woven cotton fabric than the knitted
cotton fabric. As the absorption and water retention behaviour are more,
obviously the wicking value is also good in both the type of fabrics, however
the woven fabrics show more wicking behaviour compared to the knitted cotton fabric.
The
primary hand value such as smoothness, stiffness and fullness is good in sodium
hydroxide treated, morpholine treated, enzyme treated woven and knitted cotton
fabrics respectively. Smoothness is
observed more on the dyed and finished sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabric
followed by morpholine treated, enzyme treated and untreated cotton fabrics
respectively. The sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics have reduced
stiffness due to the generation of good flexibility; followed by morpholine treatment,
enzyme treatment and untreated dyed and finished cotton fabrics. The fullness
is also maximum on the sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabrics followed by
morpholine treated, enzyme treated and untreated fabrics. In general, the primary hand value is maximum
for the sodium hydroxide treated fabrics followed by morpholine treated, enzyme
treated and untreated dyed and finished woven and knitted cotton
fabrics.
The bending length in both warp and weft directions of
dyed and finished woven cotton fabric is good in sodium hydroxide treated one
with least value followed by morpholine
treated, enzyme treated and untreated fabrics respectively. The trend is common in both warp and weft
directions, however the warp materials have an edge over the weft materials for
the bending length. The crease recovery in both warp and weft directions of
dyed and finished woven cotton fabric treated with sodium hydroxide is minimum compared
to morpholine treated, enzyme treated
and untreated cotton fabric
respectively revealed the good effect of sodium hydroxide. The trend is common in both warp and weft
directions, however the weft materials have a little edge over the warp materials
for the crease recovery.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The
authors wish to thank the Management and the Principal, PSG College of
Technology, Coimbatore for given the permission and providing the necessary
infrastructure. Thanks are also due to The Head, Department of Applied Science
for the kind help in department laboratory supports.
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Lawrence Shaw H, 1998, Cotton’s Importance in the Textile Industry [Symposium], Lima, Peru.
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Simpson V, 2011, India’s Textile and apparel industry: Growth
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Commission, Washington.
3.
Duckett K E, 1975, Surface
Properties of Cotton Fibers, Surface Characteristics of Fibers and
Textiles, Fiber Science Series,
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Received on 26.09.2015 Modified on 13.10.2015
Accepted on 16.10.2015 © AJRC All right reserved
Asian J. Research
Chem. 8(11): November 2015; Page 664-674
DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2015.00107.8